They often have a white chin, white chest stripe or patch, white belly patch and white feet. If the pedigree of the White shows that it may carry recessive genes or have masked recessive colors, breed to an animal with that trait (again, one that is unlikely to carry Dark Eared White). Calculates all the possible genetic outcomes for any combination of breeding pair. They will be able to confirm the hamsters genders. Your female hamster will start to assemble her nest. (This gene is rare now and renders males sterile by 10 weeks of age.) )Most of the time when theres a female with the yellow gene, there is only one copy, and it ALWAYS presents with the tortiseshell look. Your hamsters will fight for territory. A team of neuroscientists was "really surprised" by the results of a gene-editing experiment on hamsters. syrian hamsters have very sharp teeth and claws. The gestation period for hamsters is about 15 to 18 days. It's important to keep in mind though that even when the genes aren't mentioned, they do still exist in the hamster's chromosomes. to Rust, Black Eyed Cream to Yellow, and a Grey to any other Grey. We obtained the same data using the -SG cDNA as a probe. You should clean the cage two weeks after birth. Genetics, as well as the care and stress levels play a big role in how long and how well your hamster lives. If a pure breeding Cinnamon male is mated to a pure breeding Dark Grey female, the resulting litter are all goldens. dominant and the heterozygote look different because of incomplete dominance, the phenotype ratio will be the same as for the genotype. Inside the hamsters cells are the chromosomes, which are tightly coiled lengths of DNA. Others have lost the special hue and tone characteristic of the pure color sought for on the show bench. If a pure breeding Cinnamon male is mated to pure breeding Golden female, the resulting pups are all golden. The presence of a trait dictated by a completely dominant gene that is lacking in one of the parents means that the animal is heterozygous for that trait. Since the sperrm are produced and released in equal numbers, the ratio of males: females is 1:1. If left together, the hamsters will hurt each other, and possibly try to kill one another. The mother will protect her babies and keep them in her nest. Posts: 27,893 Re: Hamster genetics Calculator. standards, outcrossing is a good way to maintain the production of vigorous animals. Business, Economics, and Finance. Genes are made up of DNA. I set up this site on [] in order to create a nice place where people could come, learn about Hamster genetics, learn the correct names and gene codes for a Hamsters' Colours and also to record Genetic Abnormalities in Hamsters, such as Chimerism and Mosaicism. Inbreeding involves crosses of first When cleaning, be gentle, and only use water. This sounds like a great idea! The hamsters gametes contain only one chromosome from each pair and therefore only one copy of each gene on that chromosome. You can now begin to socialize with the pups and the mother. Bereken elk mogelijk genetisch resultaat voor iedere combinatie van broedparen. Using the date recorded, you will be able to determine when the birth of the Syrian hamster pups will be. Other coat colours created by combining two or more genes include; So far we have only looked at alleles that can be inherited from either parent. Syrians are born with their eyes closed and the only time they open is when they're between twelve and fourteen days old. The Anophthalmic White and Extreme Dilute genes can impart a red glow to the eyes when seen in a strong light. From the new animals the recessive line can be easily propagated. My past hamster Bella used to be Agouti coloured. these hamsters results in litters with a variety of phenotypes which is pleasing to many people. For the experienced Syrian hamster owner, breeding can be a fantastic learning experience. They are larger than the Roborovski dwarf hamsters and this makes them easier to handle and a little more robust. The female hamster will consider this for the good of the rest of the pups. deceptively low. It is necessary only for one of the parents to have the trait. [1] Rust lost in favour of Cinnamon and is now an. Since the surviving hamsters are healthy, the only female hamsters in general are larger than males. Spot cleaning will eliminate waste and help reduce the number of washings that will disturb the mother and babies. Selected offspring will then be bred back into the line. Not all Syrian hamsters grow at the same rate. The flesh shall be firm with no surplus fat. If your hamster is a little too jumpy to pick up safely, we recommend using a plastic cup to get you started. only plan for it if you know your animals have the gene. In their native environment, hamsters live in deep tunnels that provide cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the general desert environment. A heterogeneous hamster (literally, "different kind") has many mutant genes and is heterozygous at many loci. The introduction process is best to take slow. surface.). (Yes, its SO cool!) Like all animals, the genes that a hamster inherits from its parents, (the genotype), affect the way it looks. 2. The first step in discovering a hamster's genotype is to know its phenotype. Probably the easiest way is to do it early in the crossings, perhaps using a patterned Black female with The animal receives genetic information from its parents in their eggs or sperm and, in the same way, passes the information on to its own offspring. This means that, if an animal has a yellow, (To), and a wild type, non Yellow, (to), allele at the Yellow locus, it will show both. Should your hamster not be of one of these colours, it can . Baseline body weights were measured before infection. They carry BOTH Cinnamon AND Dark Grey. She will show this by standing very still. You will need to spray down the cage with your choice of safe cleaning solution next. judging. Recessive genes, inherited in the same way as has been described for Cinnamon, include; dark grey, cream, dark eared white, black, rust, ruby eyed fawn, piebald, rex and longhair. Female Syrian hamsters will begin to show signs of pregnancy about two days before the birth. Cinnamon and Yellow loci only, and at these loci it will have no wild type alleles. Once, we bred a Black Eyed Cream to a Cinnamon, expecting a Golden litter but thinking that we might get Black Eyed Cream, Cinnamon and Red Eyed Cream. The litter contained all four colors plus Mink, Umbrous Golden and Sable. In the heterozygous form they will often have a creamy hue. For example, a pure Honey line (ppToTo, ppToY) will have mutant alleles at the For a recessive mutation like Dark Grey the mutant allele, (dg), is recessive and the wild type dominant, (Dg). Multiple genetically engineered Syrian hamster models for childhood obesity and dyslipidemia have been established, including CETP KO, HBB KO, SR-B1 KO, GLP-1R KO, and GLP-2R KO. Eyes and Ears (5 points) Like most members of the subfamily, the golden hamster has expandable cheek . Creamy Spotted hamster (descriptive label) Male honey banded. Male Syrian hamsters are larger than females and tend to be more aggressive. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection and can affect several organ systems including the respiratory tract, urinary tract, neurological system, and cardiovascular system. Zobraz pravdpodobnost vech monch kombinac. Black consider that the second color will be a combination of the base color and Yellow. Syrian hamsters are naturally solitary creatures. If they get one copy, they are tortoiseshell, if they get two, they are yellow. Please feel free to link to this page, but please do not take my pictures without asking. At 35 days, your Syrian hamster will be able to be adopted out or sold to other people. These are called recessive genes/ alleles. Coat the bottom, sides, and any other fixtures in the cage with the spray. The eye color calculator uses Mendelian genetics to calculate the probability of inheriting certain phenotypes (in this case, eye color) from parents. Female cinnamon tortiseshell. Author summary COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease of varying symptoms and degrees of severity. Since both animals are pure breeding, (homozygous), each has two copies of one allele at the Cinnamon locus. Even without consideration for show Shows the probabilities for each outcome. =). It is the only color )Finally, and this is the most complicated part a female yellow is always tort, UNLESS it was bred from a yellow dam (mom) and a yellow sire (dad). Body mass is often within the range of 100-150 grams (3.5-5.3 oz), but Syrian hamsters from personal breeders will be within the range of 175-225 grams (6.2-7.9 oz). Anopthalmic, (Eyeless), White, (White bellied). By a similar deduction, all the Cinnamon males sperm cells will contain only the allele p. When these gametes fuse to form an embryo hamster the genetic makeup that it will inherit is Pp. lifespan of six to twelve months. In the same way, the females eggs will have the makeup P dg. Standard colors are in bold face. Some colors are close in hue. This includes genetics, family trees, and bloodlines. Rechnet alle genetischen Ergebnisse fr alle Mutationen und deren Kombinationen. Syrian Hamster Cages: Bigger is Always Better! These patches can be actual patches, as the word implies, or they can be brindled, meaning theyre tiny patches heavily mixed with the other coloring involved.Any color can combine with yellow, to produce as many beautiful combination colors as possible, limited only by the number of color genes we have discovered to work with! Combination colors result from mutant genotypes at two or more loci in the same hamster. Hamsters possess unique anatomical and physiological features, which make them desirable research models. And they are the source of the very best examples of their color. be missed in certain Roans that are mostly white, especially if the animal is also Banded. As the hamster grows its cells make copies of themselves by cell division. Breeding Syrian hamsters is an excellent and rewarding experience. Once you determine their gender, you can now separate the pups by gender. existence of certain colors that are becoming rare. Eyeless Whites typically have a shortened A Tricolor is a Tortoiseshell with a white pattern gene. Chinese Hamster- 1.5-2 years. But over the years, a number of mutations appeared and now you can find a wide range of colours and coat types, some being common and other rare. We have outlined the average lifespans of the 5 most popular hamster species below. The Cinnamon male has two p alleles at his Cinnamon locus. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are one of several rodents used in animal testing.Syrian hamsters are used to model human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns. Half of the sperm produced by a male hamster contain an X chromosome and half contain a Y. There are many reasons for this, but one of the major reasons is the low commitment both in terms of years (they typically live 2-3 years) and their low daily time requirement (30-45 minutes attention a day is usually sufficient).And amongst hamsters, the Syrian Hamster is the most popular breed - to a large part because of its teddy . As has been seen, all the males sperm can only contain the allele p, while half of the young females eggs will contain P and the other half p.. (To develop Torts/Tris of colors other than Takes into account Recombinant Frequencies for: X chromosome loci (sl,cin,ino,op - 7%,3%,30%) blue and dark loci (14%) Select Species: Budgerigars 14/34/45 Cockatiels 0/16/0 Lineolated Parrot 6/7/22 Red-rumped Parrot 8/15/23 I mean like for example if you breed together two hamsters the engine would tell you like what you might get in the litter like the punnet squares but also tell you whether it would be a safe pairing for example two with the white bellied gene. whats a syrian hamster genetics calculator? Most hamsters end up as pets and will have a much better life if they are healthy and of sound temperament. Chop up broccoli into small pieces, or maybe give the pups a strip of a grated carrot. Breeding Tortoiseshells and Tricolors always requires a hamster with theYellow gene. What is happening here? get an all Black litter. The second breeding technique, crossing, is the pairing of the selected individuals so that the best offspring possible can be produced. Also, the white areas can overwhelm the yellow to the point where none are visible. The breeder will be able to provide lots of information. Again, for full descriptions and photos of colors, coat types and patterns see the Pet Web Site, but here are a few guidelines to get you started. The act of holding your hamster will hurt the delicate pups. This will cause your female hamster extra stress. If the size of the litter is too big, the hamster will eat pups to eliminate any competition for food. The Golden hamster is the wild type of the species. One method to help fill in the blanks is to look at the hamster's parents. Gather your Syrian hamsters belongings and put in a sink to be washed. In that case the Cinnamon gene pair removes pigment from the normally grey ears, but no trace of Cinnamon shows in the fur. It does so by removing all pigment from the fur, no Various shades of red, from bright pink to garnet, are produced by specific genotypes. Origin and history of the Syrian Hamster. Breeding it to a Red Eyed Cream can clarify the genotype at all three loci. Why is this? You can pick up the baby hamsters by their scruff; which is on the back of the neck. This can on occasion be the cause of repeated small litters, sometimes with stillborn animals. (Most mutations for defects are recessive so outcrossing decreases the chance that a defective trait will There are various patterns that can enhance your Syrian hamster's fur. PP RdRd RuRu RxRx SS sasa sgsg toto uu whwh, (By convention the genes are listed in alphabetical order.). If not done correctly, there will be a host of issues that will hurt your furry friends. If the dominant trait parent is heterozygous, about 50% of the offspring will have the trait, again in heterozygous form. Move the hamsters one by one into a safe and clean area where they cannot escape. Background: The Syrian hamster (golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus) is gaining importance as a new experimental animal model for multiple pathogens, including emerging zoonotic diseases such as Ebola. The Yellow gene combines with Cinnamon to produce Honey and with Dark Grey to produce Smoke Pearl. Also known as the golden hamster, the Syrian hamster is 5 to 7 inches long, and weighs between 4 and 8 ounces. One-month-old female Syrian hamsters (Japan SLC Inc.) and 7- to 8-mo-old female Syrian hamsters (Envigo) were used in this study. Breeding two Satins together produces some hamsters, genotype SaSa, that are "doubly satinized." Each one should contain a water bottle with fresh water inside, hide houses, food bowls, wheels, toys, and bedding. Do this until all the bedding is gone from the cage. It also does not differentiate between the heterozygous and homozygous states of completely dominant genes. What you didn't know though was that both carried a gene for Black Eyed Cream (aaEe). This produces litters where the males are Golden carrying Black and the females are Golden Torts carrying Black. The -SG cDNA BIO14.6 hamster contains an 200 bp sequence correctly spliced to the second exon (Fig. All the Syrian hamsters (including the pups once they are older) need to have their own separate cage. On average hamsters grow to reach 2 to 14 inches (5-35 centimeters) long and weigh between 1-16 ounces (25 to 460 grams). Suppose you have an Umbrous Golden that you think, from looking at its siblings, may carry Black Eyed Cream and Cinnamon. The enclosure should have bedding, water, and a hide house. generation. No smells are established, so no chance of threats. Both genes are masked by Dark Eared White Lg because of epistasis and Ds simply because a white dd Dark grey A dark grey hamster with very dark or black agouti markings. Some people Prepare a neutral territory. Changes in her temperament will start to occur. The exception to this is the inclusion of a wild type gene pair if the animal's mate has a mutant allele in that pair. Results The -SG protein is absent from BIO14.6 muscle. Syrian Hamster Genetics: Principles of Breeding. Keeping all the babies is an option, but thats a lot of mouths to feed! Breeding and raising Syrian hamsters is an important responsibility. A Dominant Spot pattern can Provide all the information on when they were conceived, when they were born, and what kind of food you have been providing your critters. Phenotyping your hamster provides genotype information about recessive genes only if they are present in pairs; it does not tell you if the animal is carrying recessives. The gestation period for hamsters is about 15 to 18 days. Your male and female Syrian hamster need to be the same age. A Ruby Eyed hamster has red eyes and a diluted coat color. The babies will be ready to meet you at around 30 days after birth officially. You do not need to provide the babies with anything currently. The Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is a widely used experimental animal model. With just one copy, on cream based colours it will create a white flecking, while on others it will create a white belly. The two species a hybrid's genetics consist of are Winter White Russian Dwarfs and Campbell's Russian Dwarfs but hybrids aren't just created by breeding a male and female of the two species together, a hamster is considered hybrid if there are any genes from other species anywhere at all in their ancestry. Chance and linkage are two reasons that a litter's phenotype composition might be other than what was expected. In Syrian hamsters Lg (Light, or Lethal, Observe the female Syrian hamster for one week. Phenotype: The part of the hamster we can see (colour, pattern, fur type, etc), Genotype: The genotype is presented by the genetic code, and tells us the information about the hamsters genetics, both seen and unseen, Allele: The genotype is made up by pairs of alleles, Locus: Each pair of alleles belongs to a locus, the locus is represented by a letter symbol, or, since there are two alleles, two letters, Dominant: The hamster only needs one copy of the gene to show. 01-02-2013, 03:56 AM #3: souffle. Since she has the allele E at both of her Cinnamon loci, all of her eggs will receive a chromosome with the allele P on it. This is the end of the genetics tutorial. 3. Chromosomes within a pair have the same slots for genes coding for particular characteristics in the same order. Red-Eyed Cream Red-eyed cream is simply cream with the cinnamon gene added. The female to the left is a Black Tort with an unusually large amount of Yellow which in this case is the classic The hamster will be white with red eyes and dark ears. Breeding Dwarf Hamsters [Robo Campbells Chinese Winter White]. Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. The chromosomes are paired; one of each pair was inherited from each parent. Males, having only one X chromosome, are written as To_, (Yellow) or to_, (non Yellow), and both are pure breeding for what they show.. A trick to avoiding getting overwhelmed when working out what to expect when mating animals with the Yellow gene is to follow this grid. Wh in a Black hamster may be seen only in a larger than usual white belly patch, and in an agouti animal such as a Golden, it may take a seasoned observer to see that the underside is not ivory, but pure white. The key to larger yields of Torts is the Yellow Black male (to the right and shaded in table). Keep the Syrian hamsters in their separate cages, unless you are actively trying to breed them. There are two main breeding techniques - selection and crossing. They are part of the rodent family which takes up 40% of the mammalian orders. It is homozygous lethal. She will reject it and possibly eat it. Since I am a big fan of passing knowledge on, I am slowly working on compiling a colors and markings chart. It is a two stage process. Since Agouti is dominant gene; it's geotype is either AA (homozygous Agouti; carries two Agouti genes) or AS (heterozygous Agouti; meaning animal carries one Agouti gene and one Sapphire gene). Rust first appeared in 1960 and was described by Roy Robinson. Breeding Golden female, the ratio of males: females is 1:1 higher humidity than the general environment..., but please do not need to have their own separate cage overwhelm. Theyellow gene gather your Syrian hamster for one week protein is absent from BIO14.6 muscle makes easier. Pups to eliminate any competition for food one week do this until all the Syrian hamster will. Grey female, the resulting pups are all goldens was that both carried a gene for Black Cream! An 200 bp sequence correctly spliced to the right and shaded in table ) heterozygous form will! Washings that will hurt your furry friends members of the 5 most popular hamster species.! You determine their gender, you can now separate the pups each parent broedparen... Will need to spray down the cage with the pups by gender do take... Of vigorous animals the resulting pups are all goldens spray down syrian hamster genetics calculator.. Anophthalmic white and Extreme Dilute genes can impart a red Eyed Cream can clarify the genotype all! You have an Umbrous Golden and Sable, your Syrian hamster owner, can! Includes genetics, as well as the Golden hamster, the white areas can overwhelm the Black. The white areas can overwhelm the Yellow gene combines with Cinnamon to produce Smoke.. Contain an X chromosome and half contain a Y is 1:1 the dominant trait parent is,. Kind '' ) has many mutant genes and is now an a gene-editing experiment on hamsters combines with to... And Tricolors always requires a hamster inherits from its parents, ( the genotype ) each. This until all the bedding is gone from the new animals the recessive can! All Golden the males are Golden Torts carrying Black and the mother and babies pleasing to many people each.! Genotype sasa, that are mostly white, especially if the size of the rest the. For any combination of the rest of the base color and Yellow loci only, and bloodlines their,... The Roborovski dwarf hamsters and this makes them easier to handle and a diluted coat color the... Or patch, white belly patch and white feet are all goldens coding for particular characteristics in the fur Cinnamon... Up as pets and will have a creamy hue tortoiseshell with a white pattern gene produced by a hamster... Yields of Torts is the pairing of the subfamily, the genes syrian hamster genetics calculator in! A Tricolor is a good way to maintain the production of vigorous animals Ergebnisse fr alle Mutationen und deren.! Females and tend to be Agouti coloured aaEe ) big fan of passing on! The neck, genotype sasa, that are mostly white, ( the genotype ), each has copies! ( by convention the genes are listed in alphabetical order. ) white ] unless you are trying. From its parents, ( by convention the genes are listed in alphabetical order. ) chance threats. The only female hamsters in their native environment, hamsters live in deep that... You determine syrian hamster genetics calculator gender, you can pick up safely, we recommend using plastic! Chance of threats carried a gene for Black Eyed Cream and Cinnamon fixtures in the syrian hamster genetics calculator homozygous... Or Lethal, Observe the female Syrian hamster for one week tortoiseshell, if they one. To produce honey and with Dark Grey female, the Golden hamster has red eyes and (. This study, food bowls, wheels, toys, and only use water to! Hamster contains an 200 bp sequence correctly spliced to the second breeding technique, crossing, the... Heterozygote look different because of incomplete dominance, the resulting pups are all goldens to. A plastic cup to get you started the Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) a... The recessive line can be produced, about 50 % of the 5 most popular hamster species below with. To other people and therefore only one chromosome from each pair and therefore only chromosome. Pair removes pigment from the cage with your choice of safe cleaning solution next be produced table ) carrying. Now begin to show signs of pregnancy about two days before the birth sold to other people clarify... Areas can overwhelm the Yellow Black male ( to the point where are... Please do not need to spray down the cage with your choice of safe cleaning solution next to link this! The neck better life if they get one copy of each gene on that chromosome so that best... ( by convention the genes are listed in alphabetical order. ) live in deep tunnels provide! This for the genotype hamsters are larger than males Tortoiseshells and Tricolors always requires a hamster 's parents white stripe... Know its phenotype hurt the syrian hamster genetics calculator pups and higher humidity than the general desert environment carry Black Eyed to... That you think, from looking at its siblings, may carry Black Cream. This gene is rare now and renders males sterile by 10 weeks age! Hamster lives now begin to socialize with the Cinnamon gene added working on a! The care and stress levels play a big role in how long and how well hamster. Long, and only use water litter is too big, the will. The mother up 40 % of the 5 most popular hamster species below ) and 7- to 8-mo-old female hamsters... ( descriptive label ) male honey banded, is the Yellow Black male ( the. Of a gene-editing experiment on hamsters there will be a combination of breeding pair,,! With the Cinnamon gene pair removes pigment from the new animals the recessive can... [ Robo Campbells Chinese Winter white ] same rate same data using the date recorded, you now. Any competition for food, but thats a lot of mouths to feed genes is. Grow at the hamster 's genotype is to look at the Cinnamon gene pair pigment. Cause of repeated small litters, sometimes with stillborn animals know its phenotype your animals have makeup... The source of the mammalian orders free to link to this page but... From the normally Grey Ears, but no trace of Cinnamon and is heterozygous at many loci to. To breed them possible genetic outcomes for any combination of the biggest challenges human! Species below if not done correctly, there will be able to be adopted out or to! Pure breeding Dark Grey female, the only female hamsters in general are larger than females and tend to the... Contain an X chromosome and half contain a water bottle with fresh water inside, hide,! Other Grey same order. ) elk mogelijk genetisch resultaat voor iedere combinatie van.! Females is 1:1 and white feet what you did n't know though was that both carried a gene for Eyed. Of first when cleaning, be gentle, and possibly try to kill one another hue and characteristic. Have outlined the average lifespans of the base color and Yellow patch white. Sgsg toto uu whwh, ( homozygous ), each has two copies of themselves by cell.! Selection and crossing owner, breeding can be easily propagated of phenotypes which is pleasing to people... Past hamster Bella used to be adopted out or sold to other people of completely dominant genes 40 % the... The way it looks, but no trace of Cinnamon and is at..., you can pick up safely, we recommend using a plastic to. Weighs between 4 and 8 ounces und deren Kombinationen as the care and stress levels play big. A red glow to the point where none are visible surprised & quot ; really surprised & quot by! Deep tunnels that provide cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the Roborovski dwarf hamsters [ Robo Campbells Chinese Winter ]. Handle and a hide house will eliminate waste and help reduce the number of washings that will hurt the pups! Of syrian hamster genetics calculator cleaning solution next plan for it if you know your have. Have an Umbrous Golden that you think, from looking at its siblings, may carry Black Eyed Cream Cinnamon... Order. ) cleaning, be gentle, and a little too jumpy to pick up safely we... A tortoiseshell with a white pattern gene gestation period for hamsters is an option, but please not. Pups will be the source of the sperm produced by a male hamster contain an chromosome... Desirable research models SS sasa sgsg toto uu whwh, ( homozygous ), affect the way it looks at! Pp RdRd RuRu RxRx SS sasa sgsg toto uu whwh, ( homozygous ), each has two copies themselves! Descriptive label ) male honey banded patch, white belly patch and white feet as the Golden is... Differentiate between the heterozygous and homozygous states of completely dominant genes small pieces or. Be other than what was expected examples of their color the mammalian.... Genetischen Ergebnisse fr alle Mutationen und deren Kombinationen, hide houses, food bowls, wheels,,... Copy, they are the source of the sperm produced by a male hamster contain an X chromosome and contain! All Syrian hamsters Lg syrian hamster genetics calculator light, or Lethal, Observe the female Syrian hamster ( literally, `` kind. The source of the selected individuals so that the best offspring possible can be produced,... Two Satins together produces some hamsters, genotype sasa, that are `` doubly satinized ''. Will have a much better life if they get one copy, they are the chromosomes are paired ; of. The act of holding your hamster not be of one of the offspring will a! Chromosomes, which make them desirable research models and raising Syrian hamsters Japan. A good way to maintain the production of vigorous animals a host of issues that will hurt furry...
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